Continuing my look at some of the books I read in 2009, I'll start now with Why the Civil War Came, edited by Gabor Boritt, which is a very nice collection of essays about the coming of the war, including his own thoughts on how Lincoln refused to see the war coming in time to try to prevent it, some interesting discussion of the failure of the U.S. political system, and other thought-provoking essays on topics like the Northern reaction to the war, as well as the pre-war actions of women and of African-Americans. It is a bit difficult to read at times, but is well worth the effort.
All That Makes a Man: Love and Ambition in the Civil War South by Stephen W. Berry is a book that I found difficult to read at times, trying to understand the language and themes he used, especially when he discussed psychological and philosophical themes . For some reason, it did not fit my personal style of what I like to read, or maybe I just did not fit it. This book discusses the role of love and ambition in Southern men, discussing gender roles and how that influenced the way men handled the controversies leading to the war. I liked how he used pairs of men as examples in different sections, showing how the experiences and lives of each compared and contrasted. It is a really good subject, with a lot of potential, but I just did not find this book as readable or as easy-flowing as his next book House of Abraham: Lincoln and the Todds, a Family Divided by War, which I read a couple of years ago.
I believe the following books (or most of them) have already been the subjects of reviews on my blog, but I will give them brief mention again here.
James P. Duffy's Lincoln's Admiral: The Civil War Campaigns of David Farragut is a very enjoyable, informative and smoothly-flowing review of the career of David Farragut, concentrating on his Civil War experiences on the Mississippi River, at New Orleans, Mobile Bay and other locals. I do wish it had included endnotes or footnotes, however.
I claim no objectivity on this one, as I do know Dr. James A Ramage and am privileged to work at the museum named in his honor, but still found his Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan to be a very informative look at the life of this famed Confederate, offering both praise and critical analysis of Morgan's actions and decisions.
Another book that I found to be absolutely outstanding, both in style of writing and, especially, for its subject and treatment thereof was Mr. Lincoln's T-Mails: How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War by Tom Wheeler. It is a concise, but informative review of Lincoln's uses of this new technology, which had not been available to any war-time U.S. President previously. Wheeler shows how Lincoln had no precedent on how to use such a tool, but how he found an effective way to employ it to his advantage.
One book which was a bit confusing at times due to the many voices used, yet still provided many unique and interesting perspectives was The Slaves' War: The Civil War in the Words of Former Slaves , edited by Andrew Ward. The confusion came from so many different sources used, yet that added to the variety and diversity of opinions and viewpoints. There were surprising views as well, such as slaves thinking of Yankees as monsters, or protecting their masters' valuables from invading Northern forces. It took me some time to get used to the format but once I did, I found this to be a very interesting look at life from the perspectives of these who had lived as slaves during the war.
1776 by David McCullough took me away from pure Civil War studies, but I actually found several themes throughout the book that reminded me of various discussions of the "2nd American Revolution," including the one large, powerful existing government versus the upstart Rebels and some mentions of sectional discord or distrust among the American leadership and troops. It is an outstanding book to read and gives a fascinating look at this pivotal year in American history.
A Yankee Goes to Gettysburg is a series of beautiful photographs from the Gettysburg battlefield followed by original poetry by Todd Patrick Coleman, a local author whom I have been fortunate enough to meet and befriend and whose book is available at the Ramage Museum. I enjoyed these short tributes to those who fought at that Pennsylvania town – they are not the typical poems with rhyming lines, but are of a more abstract style, while still adding meaning to the wonderful pictures. This is a book that can be read in one sitting, and is well worth it.
Daniel Mark Epstein wrote a fine book entitled Lincoln's Men: The President and his Private Secretaries that provides a nice perspective at some of the background work taking place in Lincoln's White House, and how Lincoln and these young men came to rely on each other for support and developed close relationships over the years. The amount of work these men (John Nicolay, John Hay & William Stoddard) did was amazing.
I did read one collection of diary and journal entries this year, and it was another fascinating book, concentrating on the last year and 4 months of the Confederacy. No Soap, No Pay, Diarrhea, Dysentary & Desertion: A Composite Diary of the Last 16 Months of the Confederacy compiled by Jeff Toalson, is exactly what its long title suggests. It takes excerpts from many people and locations to provide a diverse set of views of the end of the Civil War, including comments from soldiers, sailors and people at home, including women, some of whom had very strong opinions on Confederate leadership. This work is very enjoyable and informative.
William Lee Miller's President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman is a good solid look at Lincoln during his presidential years, focusing on his new-found role as not just a local lawyer and politician, but a statesman who now had worldwide correspondents and responsibilities. It focuses mostly, though, on h is role in America as a statesman and how his personal set of values and morals guided him through the tough job of war-time leader. I found it to be very enjoyable and informative, and a fairly easy read.
Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point by Lewis Lehrman was the final book I finished in 2009, and is one of my favorites, not just from that year. It is a very detailed, organized and fascinating look at the importance and impact of the speech Lincoln gave at Peoria, Illinois in October 1854. Lehrman argues, convincingly, I may add, that this speech marked a change in Lincoln's professional life, in terms of how he prepared and delivered his speeches, and about the topics he argued in those speeches. It simply is an outstanding book that I enjoyed about as much as any other I can recall reading. It, along with White's & McCullough's works, is one of the best I read in 2009, and perhaps in my life.
Showing posts with label technology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label technology. Show all posts
Sunday, January 10, 2010
Sunday, August 30, 2009
Book Review: Mr. Licoln's T-Mails
Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails: How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War
Author: Tom Wheeler, copyright 2006, First Collins Paperback Edition, published 2008
Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails is an informative look at how President Abraham Lincoln took office less than two decades after the onset of this new communications technology and how Lincoln "applied the telegraph's technology to create advantages for the Northern war effort entirely on his own" since no previous American leader had established any precedent on how to use such a tool, especially in wartime (page xix).
Wheeler describes Lincoln's evolution in learning how to use this tool. In the first year of the Civil War, Lincoln used it very infrequently, but in the spring of 1862 experienced an epiphany that Wheeler calls his “electronic breakout." During this period, Lincoln communicated with generals in the Shenandoah Valley, offering them advice and orders on what to do to attempt to trap Stonewall Jackson, and also communicated with the main Union General in the east, George B. McClellan. Wheeler explores the frustrations Lincoln experienced in this period, trying to gain cooperation from these generals, but getting only refusal to follow orders, complaints, and, eventually, total failure to accomplish any of the Unions goals.
The third, and final phase of Lincoln’s growth in using the telegraph occurred in the final 13 months of his life, with what Wheeler referred to as the model for electronic management" (page 179). This was when Lincoln worked with Ulysses S. Grant, but instead of getting as involved at the strategic and tactical level as he had in 1862, he enforced the Union’s leadership structure and encouraged Grant to take care of issues that needed resolution. Lincoln asked that they be done, but did not give the same specific instructions as he had while trying to trap Jackson.
The book gives many examples of Lincoln using the telegraphs as his voice, eyes and ears, allowing him to express his views and concerns to his generals and others, as well as to hear hews reports of conditions in the field and communications from his generals, which often were nothing but complaints and excuses. Wheeler shows how Lincoln’s communications with Herman Haupt during 2nd Bull Run were very professional and helpful, while correspondence with George McClellan was not. To no one's surprise, the contrast between Lincoln's telegraphic communications with McClellan and Ulysses S. Grant is quite sharp.
"Electronic leadership" is another phrase Wheeler uses to describe Lincoln's employement of the telegraph, such as his attempts to create an entrapment for Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; as the title of chapter 8 proclaims, however "Even with Technology, It's all about People" as even the most advanced tools could not turn poorly performing officers into modern Napoleons.
Wheeler’s work also provides a nice description of how the speed of telegraphic messages could be harmful if the sender did not control his emotions, giving an example of a telegraph Lincoln had prepared for Ambrose Burnide in 1863, but that he later marked "not sent" on the back, very similar to his famous letter to George Meade after the battle of Gettysburg. (See pages 136-8 for details on this situation and pages 183-4 for Wheeler's description of the self-control required when using such a device. He praises Lincoln's recognition "that just because a capability exists, it is not always necessary or wise to exercise it.") For anyone in a modern office, that warning is virtually the same one given to those who use the current version of electronic communication.
Chapter 6 discusses “New Electronic Challenges” including the media’s access to the telegraph wires, which allowed them to get getting stories in print more quickly, sometimes providing a challenge to the government in terms of what information the public learned and when they learned it. Lincoln and the government were able to turn this to their advantage; one way was by allowing quick access to the reporters of the newly formed Associated Press with an understanding of the type of information they would report. The government also sent out information similar to the press releases organizations use today.
Other challenges included the ability of people to tap into the wires and the need to send important messages in code.
The final chapter of the book demonstrates how Lincoln’s use of the telegraph fit in with his other available styles of communications. His preferred method was face-to-face meetings, and if that was not possible, he usually turned to letter writing. The telegraph often was his third choice of communicating, especially for complex discussions or issues, yet he adapted to it and used it frequently when he needed to do so.
One recurrent theme in the book was how this communication melded with Lincoln’s management style, which Wheeler referred to as "management-by-walking-around." Communications by telegraph often resembled both sides of face-to-face conversations, so this new technology fit in well with Lincoln’s leadership.
Wheeler did mention Lincoln’s superiority in using the telegraph as compared to his Confederate counterpart Jefferson C. Davis at a couple points in the book, but did not provide detailed analysis of that claim. A comparison of how the two leaders used this technology could make for an interesting topic, but was not really within the scope of this work, so while I would like to see a bit more about it in this work, it is only a minor gripe.
Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails is a book that anyone interested in the Civil War or Lincoln (or even in communications technology or related subjects) should read. The small paperback edition I read has only 186 pages (perhaps a book with more standard-sized pages would have fewer) and is an easy, enjoyable, informative and quick read. Lincoln’s writing has been a popular subject for books in recent years, but this one found a new way to approach that topic and shows Lincoln's ability to adapt and learn while on the job. Instead of using his telegrams only as sources of information, Wheeler explores how the actual use of this new tool was a grand step forward for mankind and particularly for American political leadership, thanks to the skills and willingness to learn of Abraham Lincoln.
Author: Tom Wheeler, copyright 2006, First Collins Paperback Edition, published 2008
Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails is an informative look at how President Abraham Lincoln took office less than two decades after the onset of this new communications technology and how Lincoln "applied the telegraph's technology to create advantages for the Northern war effort entirely on his own" since no previous American leader had established any precedent on how to use such a tool, especially in wartime (page xix).
Wheeler describes Lincoln's evolution in learning how to use this tool. In the first year of the Civil War, Lincoln used it very infrequently, but in the spring of 1862 experienced an epiphany that Wheeler calls his “electronic breakout." During this period, Lincoln communicated with generals in the Shenandoah Valley, offering them advice and orders on what to do to attempt to trap Stonewall Jackson, and also communicated with the main Union General in the east, George B. McClellan. Wheeler explores the frustrations Lincoln experienced in this period, trying to gain cooperation from these generals, but getting only refusal to follow orders, complaints, and, eventually, total failure to accomplish any of the Unions goals.
The third, and final phase of Lincoln’s growth in using the telegraph occurred in the final 13 months of his life, with what Wheeler referred to as the model for electronic management" (page 179). This was when Lincoln worked with Ulysses S. Grant, but instead of getting as involved at the strategic and tactical level as he had in 1862, he enforced the Union’s leadership structure and encouraged Grant to take care of issues that needed resolution. Lincoln asked that they be done, but did not give the same specific instructions as he had while trying to trap Jackson.
The book gives many examples of Lincoln using the telegraphs as his voice, eyes and ears, allowing him to express his views and concerns to his generals and others, as well as to hear hews reports of conditions in the field and communications from his generals, which often were nothing but complaints and excuses. Wheeler shows how Lincoln’s communications with Herman Haupt during 2nd Bull Run were very professional and helpful, while correspondence with George McClellan was not. To no one's surprise, the contrast between Lincoln's telegraphic communications with McClellan and Ulysses S. Grant is quite sharp.
"Electronic leadership" is another phrase Wheeler uses to describe Lincoln's employement of the telegraph, such as his attempts to create an entrapment for Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; as the title of chapter 8 proclaims, however "Even with Technology, It's all about People" as even the most advanced tools could not turn poorly performing officers into modern Napoleons.
Wheeler’s work also provides a nice description of how the speed of telegraphic messages could be harmful if the sender did not control his emotions, giving an example of a telegraph Lincoln had prepared for Ambrose Burnide in 1863, but that he later marked "not sent" on the back, very similar to his famous letter to George Meade after the battle of Gettysburg. (See pages 136-8 for details on this situation and pages 183-4 for Wheeler's description of the self-control required when using such a device. He praises Lincoln's recognition "that just because a capability exists, it is not always necessary or wise to exercise it.") For anyone in a modern office, that warning is virtually the same one given to those who use the current version of electronic communication.
Chapter 6 discusses “New Electronic Challenges” including the media’s access to the telegraph wires, which allowed them to get getting stories in print more quickly, sometimes providing a challenge to the government in terms of what information the public learned and when they learned it. Lincoln and the government were able to turn this to their advantage; one way was by allowing quick access to the reporters of the newly formed Associated Press with an understanding of the type of information they would report. The government also sent out information similar to the press releases organizations use today.
Other challenges included the ability of people to tap into the wires and the need to send important messages in code.
The final chapter of the book demonstrates how Lincoln’s use of the telegraph fit in with his other available styles of communications. His preferred method was face-to-face meetings, and if that was not possible, he usually turned to letter writing. The telegraph often was his third choice of communicating, especially for complex discussions or issues, yet he adapted to it and used it frequently when he needed to do so.
One recurrent theme in the book was how this communication melded with Lincoln’s management style, which Wheeler referred to as "management-by-walking-around." Communications by telegraph often resembled both sides of face-to-face conversations, so this new technology fit in well with Lincoln’s leadership.
Wheeler did mention Lincoln’s superiority in using the telegraph as compared to his Confederate counterpart Jefferson C. Davis at a couple points in the book, but did not provide detailed analysis of that claim. A comparison of how the two leaders used this technology could make for an interesting topic, but was not really within the scope of this work, so while I would like to see a bit more about it in this work, it is only a minor gripe.
Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails is a book that anyone interested in the Civil War or Lincoln (or even in communications technology or related subjects) should read. The small paperback edition I read has only 186 pages (perhaps a book with more standard-sized pages would have fewer) and is an easy, enjoyable, informative and quick read. Lincoln’s writing has been a popular subject for books in recent years, but this one found a new way to approach that topic and shows Lincoln's ability to adapt and learn while on the job. Instead of using his telegrams only as sources of information, Wheeler explores how the actual use of this new tool was a grand step forward for mankind and particularly for American political leadership, thanks to the skills and willingness to learn of Abraham Lincoln.
Friday, August 28, 2009
More Lincoln Internal Improvements
I have just started reading Mr. Lincoln's T-Mails: How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War by Tom Wheeler and one of its contentions is that Lincoln came into the office shortly after the development of this modern technology and used his skills and instincts as an "early adopter"1 to implement this new tool in his struggle to lead the Union to victory. Wheeler writes that Lincoln's "use of the telegraph is a journey of discovery. During his first year in office the president infrequently availed himself of the electronic messenger. As times grew darker, however, Lincoln turned to the telegraph to project his leadership"2 and this line of thought struck me as being a prime example of what I had previously posted about regarding how Lincoln's life was more one long journey of "internal improvements" rather than just what he believed in politically and economically.
The first few chapters, all I have read so far, continue to make this point – that the telegraph's potential had not been recognized for government or military use and that Lincoln was the one discovering how useful it could be if used properly. Wheeler asserts "Here is the amazing fact: Abraham Lincoln applied the telegraph's technology to create advantages for the Northern war effort entirely on his own. Because no national leader had ever had this technology, there was no guidance the president could rely upon in the experiences of historical figures." 3
By May and June of 1862, this effort had paid off with what Wheeler calls Lincoln's "electronic breakout" in his communications with generals in the Shenandoah Valley chasing Stonewall Jackson as well as George McClellan down on Virginia's Peninsula, approaching Richmond. Whether it was arguing with McClellan over the number of troops, Confederate and Union, in the area, or trying to impose a military strategy and sense of urgency on Generals Nathaniel Banks, James Shields and James C. Fremont in the valley, Lincoln had adapted to this new technology instead of waiting around for news of the battle like American leaders had done in past wars and he himself had done during the battle of First Bull Run. "what is more important is that Lincoln acted:"that he turned to the new telecommunications technology to help him take command."4
I have found this to be a fascinating read so far given the perspective it provides on just how new the technology was, both to the government and to Lincoln, who had seen telegraph machinery for the first time only 3 years earlier. Despite this newness, however, as Wheeler points out, he found a way to use this to send and receive vital communications much faster than any American leader ever had before, and it only took him about a year in office to start taking full advantage of it. (Actually, he possibly could have taken better advantage by having the equipment installed in the White House instead of in the War Department building, but maybe getting away from the Executive Mansion for a few hours served him some good.)
Perhaps this instance of "internal improvement" is not much more different than how many people would adapt to such new technology (though Wheeler points out that Jefferson Davis used his telegraph more for purely strategic ideas and not as much for understanding his generals. "Lincoln grew into his relationship with his generals and the telegraph played a major part in that growth. Davis, characterized by the editor of one newspaper as treating 'all men as if they were idiotic insects,' used the telegraph to tell his commanders how smart he was."5 but it still shows that Lincoln was ready, willing and able to learn something new that would improve himself and his ability to do his job. Some of this learning of the telegraph may have been different than mere "internal improvements" but the confidence Lincoln developed from being able to send orders or request or receive information so quickly certainly added to his ability to act as commander-in-chief, a role no president before him had ever fulfilled so completely.
1 Page 6
2 Pages xviii – xix
3 Page xix
4 Page 67
5 Page 43
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